Analysis of chromosomal abnormalities by CGH-array in patients with dysmorphic and intellectual disability with normal karyotype / Análise de anomalias cromossômicas por CGH-array em pacientes com dismorfias e deficiência intelectual com cariótipo normal

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate chromosomal abnormalities by CGH-array in patients with dysmorphic features and intellectual disability with normal conventional karyotype. Methods Retrospective study, carried out from January 2012 to February 2014, analyzing the CGH-array results of 39 patients. Results Twenty-six (66.7%) patients had normal results and 13 (33.3%) showed abnormal results - in that, 6 (15.4%) had pathogenic variants, 6 (15.4%) variants designated as uncertain and 1 (2.5%) non-pathogenic variants. Conclusion The characterization of the genetic profile by CGH-array in patients with intellectual disability and dysmorphic features enabled making etiologic diagnosis, followed by genetic counseling for families and specific treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar microalterações cromossômicas por CGH-array em portadores de dismorfias e deficiência intelectual com cariótipo normal. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, realizado no período de janeiro de 2012 a fevereiro de 2014, analisando os resultados de CGH-array de 39 pacientes. Resultados Apresentaram resultados normais 26 (66,7%) pacientes; 13 (33,3%) tiveram resultados alterados, a saber: 6 (15,4%) com variantes patogênicas, 6 (15,4%) com variantes pertencentes à categoria designada como incerta, e 1 (2,5%) com variantes não patogênicas. Conclusão A caracterização do perfil genético por CGH-array nos pacientes com deficiência intelectual e dismorfias possibilitou complementar o diagnóstico etiológico, permitindo a realização do aconselhamento genético para as famílias e tratamento específico.

Aberraciones cromosomales en bulbos de cebolla Allium cepa inducidas pormoléculas híbridas 4-aminoquinolínicas / Chromosomal aberrations in Allium cepa onion bulbs induced by 4-aminoquinoline hybrid molecules

Se estudiaron las propiedades toxicológicas de los trescompuestos híbridos quinolin-tiazolidinona (FR-72 y FR-121), y acridinepoxiisoindolindiona(FR-154) aplicándolos en el test de las raíces debulbos de cebolla Allium cepa. Las moléculas FR-72, FR-121 y FR-154 fueron sintetizadas de novo según protocolos experimentalesdescritos. Los bulbos de Allium cepa (2n = 16) limpios y sanos,previamente sumergidos en el agua destilada, se secaron con papeltoalla y se colocaron directamente en los tubos de ensayo llenos conla sustancia a evaluar. Los experimentos se realizaron a temperaturaambiente 20 ± 2°C y se mantuvieron en oscuridad. El periodo deexposición de los bulbos fue de 120 horas y las raíces que se utilizaronpara el montaje de genotoxicidad eran en promedio de 2 a 2.5 cmde longitud. La evaluación del comportamiento de las tres moléculasquinolínicas sobre la inhibición del crecimiento promedio de las raícesde bulbos de cebolla Allium cepa se realizó con los tres parámetrosde bioactividad (CE50, IM, ACs) en diferentes concentraciones. Lassustancias evaluadas pueden considerarse aneugénicas, ya que actúana nivel de estructuras celulares y moleculares e impiden la fijación delas fibras del huso acromático, por ende ocasionan el desplazamientode cromosomas en anafase o pérdidas de cromosomas, llegandoincluso a ser inductoras de la apoptosis al sobrepasar la capacidadhomeostática de la célula. El análisis preliminar indicó que la moléculaFR-121 a concentración 10-6 M y la molécula FR-154 a concentración10-3 M resultaron ser potentes agentes fitotóxicos provocando diversasaberraciones claustogénicas y aneugénicas...

The toxicological properties of three hybridcompounds, quinoline-thiazolidinone (FR-72 and FR-121)and acridin-epoxyisoindolindione (FR-154) were studiedby applying named compounds to the test of the rootsof Allium cepa onion bulbs. Molecules FR-72, FR-121 andFR-154 were synthesized de novo according to describedsynthetic protocols. Clean and healthy bulbs of Alliumcepa (2n = 16), previously immersed in distilled water,were dried with paper towels and placed directly into testtubes filled with the test substance. The experiments werecarried out at room temperature 20 ± 2°C and were keptin darkness. The period of exposure of bulbs was 120hours; the roots used for the genotoxicity evaluation wereon average of 2 to 2.5 cm in length. The evaluation of theeffect of the three quinolinic molecules on the growthof onion roots of Allium cepa bulbs was achieved usingdifferent concentrations of the three growth parameters(EC50, IM, ACs) The evaluated substances performedaneugenic actions, operating at cellular and molecularstructure level and preventing the fixing of mitoticspindle fibers, causing the movement of chromosomesin the anaphase or loss of chromosomes, even inducingapoptosis by exceeding the homeostatic capacity of thecell. The preliminary analysis indicated that molecule FR-121 at 10-6 M concentration and molecule FR-154 at 10-3M concentration, proved to be potent phytotoxic agentscausing various claustogenic and aneugenic aberrations...

Foram estudadas as propriedades toxicológicas dos trêscompostos híbridos, quinolina-tiazolidinona (FR-72 e FR-121)e hidroacridin-epoxiisoindolindiona (FR-154) aplicando-os noteste das raízes de bulbos de cebola Allium cepa. As moléculas FR-72, FR-121 e FR-154 foram sintetizadas de novo de acordo com osprotocolos experimentais já descritos. Os bulbos de Allium cepa (2n= 16) limpos e sádios, previamente imersos em água destilada, foramsecos com papel toalha e colocados diretamente em tubos de ensaio,cheios com a substância de teste. Os experimentos foram realizadosà temperatura ambiente 20 ± 2°C e mantiveram-se na escuridão. Operíodo de exposição dos bulbos foi de 120 horas e as raízes usadaspara a montagem de genotoxicidade tinham, em média, de 2 a 2,5 cmde comprimento. A avaliação do comportamento das três moléculasquinolínicas sobre a inibição do crescimento médio das raízes debulbos de cebola Allium cepa foi realizada com os três parâmetrosde bioatividade (EC50, IM, ACs) em diferentes concentrações. Assubstâncias avaliadas podem se considerar aneugénicas, já queatuam ao nível de estruturas celulares e moleculares, e impedem oestabelecimento de fibras do fuso acromático, provocando assim odeslocamento dos cromossomos na anáfase ou perda de cromossomos,chegando, inclusive, a serem indutoras da apoptose ao ultrapassar acapacidade homeostática da célula. A análise preliminar indicou que amolécula FR-121 em concentração de 10-6 M e a molécula de FR-154em concentração de 10-3 M resultaram ser potentes agentes fitotóxicosprovocando várias aberrações claustogénicas e aneugénicas...

The cytogenetic examination as a tool for the diagnosis of chromosomal disorders / Examinación citogenética como herramienta para el diagnóstico de los desórdenes cromosómicos

Clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities occur in about 1 percent of children born alive. The objective of this work was to offer the patients and the families in the community for the service of the Integrated Clinic of Uniara Health (Araraquara and region), the examination of cariotype (cytogenetic study) for confirmation or exclusion of the diagnostic suspicion of chromosomal abnormalities as well as information (genetic counseling) for the prevention of occurrence and/or recurrence of these anomalies. In the period of one year and four months these were carried out in the Integrated Clinic of Uniara Health and directed for the Laboratory of Cytogenetic Human of the same institution in 66 cytogenetic studies. In 44 patients (66.6 percent) the results were normal. In 22 (33.3 percent) examinations, alterations were found, meaning that the respective clinical pictures are decurrent of chromosomic alterations. The first cause within alterations noted was Down syndrome with a total of 15 examinations or 68.1 percent, the second cause of chromosomal anomaly was the Turner syndrome where the most important factor is 45, X, where 2 karyotypes of this type or 9.1 percent were found, syndromes as (Eduards syndrome, Patau syndrome, 3p- syndrome, 4p- syndrome and 6p-syndrome) diagnosed in our laboratory appeared less frequently corresponding to 22.7 percent of the studied anomalies. The work carried out constitutes a necessary diagnosis of the main chromosomal abnormalities through a low cost technique; it can be carried out easily and is reliable, making the cytogenetic examination available to the community and contributing significantly to the quality of life of patients.

Las anormalidades cromosómicas, clínicamente significativas, se presentan en aproximadamente 1 por ciento de los niños nacidos vivos. Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de ofrecer a los pacientes y /o a sus familiares el servicio de la Clínica Integrada de la Salud de Uniara (Araraquara y Región), el examen de cariotipo (estudio citogenético) para la confirmación o la exclusión de sospecha de anomalías cromosomales diagnosticadas, así como otorgar información (consejo genético) para la prevención de las posibles anomalías y /o la repetición de éstas. En un año y cuatro meses fueron realizados 66 estudios de citogenética en la Clínica Integrada de Uniara, dirigida por el Laboratorio de Citogenética Humana de la misma institución. En 44 pacientes (66,6 por ciento) los resultados fueron normales. En 22 (33,3 por ciento) de los exámenes, se encontraron alteraciones, compatibles con alteraciones cromosómicas. La primera causa de anomalías cromosómica fue el síndrome de Down, totalizando 15 exámenes (68,1 por ciento), la segunda causa fue el síndrome de Turner, con dos cariotipos (9,1 por ciento) en la forma más importante 45, X. Por otra parte, se encontró que los síndromes de Eduards, de Patau, 3p-síndrome de Down, síndrome 4p-6p, diagnosticados en nuestro laboratorio, presentaban baja frecuencia de aparición, representando el 22,7 por ciento de las anomalías estudiadas. Este trabajo permitió realizar un diagnóstico preciso de las anomalías cromosomales, principalmente a través de una técnica de bajo costo, fácil ejecución y buena confiabilidad, técnicas que están disponibles para el examen citogenético para la comunidad y así contribuir de manera significativa en la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

Cytogenetical and ultrastructural effects of copper on root meristem cells of Allium sativum L

Different copper concentrations, as well as different exposure times, were applied to investigate both cytogenetical and ultrastructural alterations in garlic (Allium sativum L.) meristem cells. Results showed that the mitotic index decreased progressively when either copper concentration or exposure time increased. C-mitosis, anaphase bridges, chromosome stickiness and broken nuclei were observed in the copper treated root tip cells. Some particulates containing the argyrophilic NOR-associated proteins were distributed in the nucleus of the root-tip cells and the amount of this particulate material progressively increased with increasing exposure time. Finally, the nucleolar material was extruded from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Also, increased dictyosome vesicles in number, formation of cytoplasmic vesicles containing electron dense granules, altered mitochondrial shape, disruption of nuclear membranes, condensation of chromatin material, disintegration of organelles were observed. The mechanisms of detoxification and tolerance of copper are briefly discussed.

Pattern of chromosomal abnormalities in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

OBJECTIVES: To study the pattern of chromosomal abnormalities in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study. Place and duration of study: January 1998 to June 2005 at the Cytogenetics department, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of cytogenetic studies was carried out in patients who were diagnosed as ALL and were more than 15 years of age. Cytogenetic analysis was performed using a trypsin-Giemsa banding technique. Karyotypes were interpreted using International System for Cytogenetics Nomenclature (1995) criteria. RESULTS: The requests were received for cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow specimens in 69 patients who were diagnosed as ALL. Cytogenetic results were available in 62 patients; out of which 51 were males and 11 were females. 44 patients (70%) were found to have a normal karyotype. In 18 patients (29%), abnormal karyotype was found. CONCLUSION: Cytogenetic studies should be part of the initial work up of every patient with ALL. Larger scale studies will help refine our understanding of the less common chromosomal patterns and conduct multivariate analysis to define the relative prognostic value of karyotypic results.

Frequencies of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities at Prenatal Diagnosis: 10 years experiences in a single institution

We present frequencies of fetal chromosomal abnormalities in 4,907 prenatal cytogenetic examinations at Samsung Cheil Hospital from 1988 to 1997 for 10 yr duration. Prenatal karyotypes were undertaken in 3,913 amniotic fluid samples, 800 chorionic villi samples, and 194 percutaneous umbilical blood samples. The frequency of fetal abnormal karyotypes was 3.1% (150 cases). Numerical chromosome abnormalities were 87 cases (1.8%) and structural aberrations of chromosomes were 63 cases (1.3%). In the numerical chromosomal abnormalities, the frequency of trisomy 21 was by far the highest (36 cases), followed by trisomy 18 in 22 cases and sex chromosome aneuploidies in 19 cases. In the structural chromosomal aberrations, 5 cases had the inversions in chromosome 2, 7, 17, and Y. Chromosomal deletions in 6 cases and additions in 4 cases were analysed. Of the remaining 47 translocation in abnormal fetuses, reciprocal translocation was in 26 cases and Robertsonian translocation in 21 cases. Among them, 41 cases were balanced translocation and 6 were unbalanced. Thirty five cases of translocation were inherited from one of the parents. Four had de novo chromosome rearrangements, and 8 cases were unknown.

Anomalias cromosomicas en enfermedades hematologicas malignas / Chromosomal abnormalities in malignant hematologic diseases

La inclusión del estudio citogenético en el protocolo de estudio de pacientes con enfermedades hematológicas malignas es de gran importancia ya que sus resultados contribuyen a establecer con mayor exactitud el diagnóstico, el pronóstico y sugiere precozmente manejo terapéutico más adecuado. Se realizaron 200 cariotipos de pacientes con edades comprendidas entre 2 y 84 años, 56/200 correspondieron a Leucemia Linfoide Aguda (LLA), 55/200 a Leucemia Meloide Aguda (LMA), 631200 a Leucemia Mieloide Crónica (LMC), 201200 a Síndromes Mielodisplásicos (SMD) y 6/200 a Leucemia Linfoide Crónica (LLC). Ciertas diferencias han sido observadas en este trabajo. En LLA la hiperdiploidía fue la anomalía cromosómica más frecuente y no se reportan casos de cromosoma Ph+, en cuanto a LMA las monosomías y trisomías de autosomas fueron los hallazgos más frecuentes. En SMD, 10 porciento de los pacientes presentaron trisomía 14, anomalía reportada muy raras veces. En LMC, no se reportan casos con doble Ph+, y sólo un caso con i(17q), sin embargo se encontró un caso en fase acelerada con deleción 21q anomalía aún no reportada. En LLC, no se encontró trisomía 12. Estos hallazgos son discutidos en el contexto de heterogeneidad geográfica de anormalidades cromosómicas en leucemia, enfatizando una la necesidad de continuar con los estudios epidemiológicos.

Acardius acephalus. Informe de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Acardius acephalus. A case report and review of the literature

Se presenta el caso de un producto acardius acephalus gemelar de la tercera gesta, con peso de 2375 g, de término, cuyo primer gemelo se obtuvo a término, y sin malformaciones. La descripción anatómica lo incluye dentro de los productos clasificados como acárdicos amorfos, reportándose vesículas ópticas, placoda auditiva, columna vertebral incompleta, esbozos de intestino grueso, así como de tejido cerebral, duramadre y plexos coroideos. No se encontró la presencia de cavidades torácica ni abdominal. Se realizó registro, diagnóstico y clasificación del caso, con revisión de la literatura

Malformaciones genéticas y talla baja / Genetic malformations and low stature

Pra el médico pediatra es muy importante reconocer en aquellos pacientes con talla baja la posible asociación con un genotopatía. A continuación se revisan algunos de los síndromes malformativos que presentan características comunes y los hallazgos clínicos más frecuentes

Marcadores sutiles de anomalías cromosómicas en el feto: detección ultrasonográfica, significado clínico y manejo / Soft markers of cromosomal anomalies in the fetus: ultrasonographic detection, clinical meaning and management

Se analiza el manejo clínico, en la detección de anomalías cromosómicas mínimas, diagnosticadas por ecografía y su relación con diferentes aneuploidias

Estudios citogenéticos en niños chilenos con leucemia linfoblástica aguda / Cytogenetic studies in chilean children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent childhood cancer. The leukemic cells of ALL patients show several well defined numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities which are universally known for its prognostic implications. We studied a group of 44 children with ALL, to investigate the incidence of chromosome aberrations in ALL, its lymphocyte lineage and some clinical feature associations, ans the finding of non previously described aberrations. A high proportion of patients (79.5 per cent) showed chromosomal abnormalities. Most of them had a pseudodiploid karyotype (46 chromosomes), characterized mainly by a translocation. In relation to chromosome number, 27 percent of them were hyperdiploid with more than 50; 9 percent hyperdiploid between 47 - 50 and 7 percent hypodiploid (less than 46). Among structural aberrations found, were the following recurrent translocations: t(1;19), t(4;11), t(9;22) in 6.8 percent, 9.1 percent and 2.3 percent of cases respectively, all related to an early B immunophenotype. Other translocations found, compromised regions 7q22,9p21 -24. Two new translocations in ALL were found: 8(1;5)(q23;q33), apparently balanced and t(13;21)(q14;q22), unbalanced. Other recurrent structural changes found were: deletion (6q), (7q), (7q), (11q), (12q), inversion (3q), isochromosome (7q), maker chromosomes and double minutes. The distribution of chromosome abnormalities in this group of patients was in agreement with previous reports from other investigators

Malformaciones congénitas en 75,788 nacimientos consecutivos en cuatro hospitales de Guadalajara, México / Incidence of congenital abnormalities in 75,788 consecutive birth in four Guadalajara's hospitals(Mexico)

Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de malformaciones congénitas en 4 hospitales del área metropolitana de Guadalajara. Se estudiaron 75,788 recién nacidos durante el periodo de noviembre de 1988 a junio de 1993, recolectándose la información a través de la exploración física del recién nacido y por entrevista a la madre sobre la condición del producto al nacer, antecedentes patológicos y exposición a factores físicos y químicos. Por cada malformado se seleccionó un control no malformado del mismo sexo, no necesariamente sano, pero del mismo hospital. La prevalencia hospitalaria general de las malformaciones congénitas fue de 22.3 x 1,000 RN; en nacidos vivos fue de 21.4 x 1,000 y de 69.6 x 1,000 en nacidos muertos. Los diagnósticos más importantes de malformaciones mayores por 10,000 RN fueron; defectos del cierre del tubo neural con tasa de 26.5; la anencefalia con tasa de 12.8. Las anomalias cromosómicas tuvieron una tasa de 14.8; la malformación más frecuente fue el Síndrome de Down con tasa de 12.1 , el labio paladar endido 11.1 y la polidactilia con 11.0. Las malformaciones se encontraron asociadas a: edad mayor de 40 años de la madre (RR=2.4; IC=1.5-3.8)~ antecedentes de un malformado previo (RR=4.6; IC=3.6-5.9), metrorragia en el primer trimestre de embarazo (RR=1.4; IC=1.0-1.9) y diabetes en el embarazo (RR=4.7; IC=1.2-20.4)